Immigration continues to be one of the most politically contentious issues in the UK. Advocates highlight its economic advantages and its vital role in addressing labour shortages. However, critics express concern over the sheer scale of both legal and illegal immigration. In the year leading up to December 2024, the number of people seeking asylum in the UK reached its highest level since records began in 1979.

Immigration played a key role in persuading many to vote Leave in the Brexit referendum, with the campaign’s promise to “take back control” of Britain’s borders. More recently, Reform UK has seen a surge in the polls, driven in part by its hardline stance on reducing immigration.

In response to the political climate, the government has unveiled new legislation aimed at projecting a tough approach to illegal immigration. The proposals include introducing new criminal offences for people smugglers of up to 14 years in prison. However, critics warn that such measures risk overlooking the UK’s humanitarian obligations.

What do the British public consider a sustainable level of immigration? Do the benefits of immigration outweigh the costs? How have several successive governments failed to meaningfully reduce small boat crossings? Why has Brexit had so little impact on reducing the amount of immigration into the UK?